(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Early life stress negatively impacts behavior and underlying neural circuitry across species. The present study investigated the effects of nutritional stress (NS), which increases parental foraging, on song quality in males, song preferences in females, and the size and number of cells in song and auditory regions of the zebra finch brain. We hypothesized that NS would decrease song quality in males and decrease preference for high quality song in females. Furthermore, we predicted that NS would reduce the size of song nuclei and decrease the number of cells in song and auditory regions. In males, NS decreased the number of syllable types (a measure of song complexity), decreased the number of high notes and flat notes, and increased the number of noisy notes, but had no effect on song rate or song length. In females, NS reduced preferences for high quality song. Despite these behavioral effects, there were no effects of NS on song and auditory nuclei, although there were effects of age and sex. These results suggest that NS affects behavior in both males and females, but these effects are not attributable to the number of cells or size of song and auditory regions. Such findings add to our understanding of the effects of early life stress on behavior and cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Depression affects both women and men, but women are 2 times more susceptible to the incidence of depression. Although a number of studies report sex differences in stress responses, it remains unclear which animal models of depression can better mimic the sex difference in human depression. The majority of stress models used male rodents whereas fewer studies included females. The aims of this study were to determine which rat stress models mimic the sex difference in depression and to identify sex-specific risk factors for depression model-induced depression-like behaviors. Here, we compared subchronic variable stress (SCVS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) models to evaluate the susceptibility versus resilient phenotypes in male and female rats. SCVS induced depression-like behaviors in female rats only. The CUMS paradigm was more likely to induce depression-like behaviors in male rats. Furthermore, to explore the underlying mechanisms, we used quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chairats. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Postnatal administration of high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (KDs) is an established and effective treatment option for refractory epilepsy, with more recently identified therapeutic potential across a wide range of preclinical models of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, the impact of gestational exposure to a KD (GKD) on offspring development remains unclear. Previous work has found that GKD exposure reduces depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in CD-1 mice, whereas postnatal KD improves sociability in several different rodent models of autism. Here we examined how sociability is impacted by GKD. Given that the neuropeptide oxytocin positively regulates affect, anxiety, and sociability, we also examined the effects of GKD on brain oxytocin expression. Male and female CD-1 mice exposed to either a standard diet (SD) or a KD gestationally were cross-fostered with SD dams at birth and remained on a SD from that point onward. These offspring were then tested for sociability and social novelty (three-chambered test) and depressive-like behaviors (forced swim test) at 10 weeks of age. At the conclusion of testing, brain tissue was collected and immunohistochemically processed for oxytocin expression in hypothalamic and limbic areas. We found that GKD increased sociability and reduced depressive-like symptoms, without affecting oxytocin expression in quantified areas. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/3-deazaneplanocin-a-dznep.html By expanding the scope of the lasting impact of gestational exposure to a ketogenic diet to include positive effects on sociability, these results indicate that GKDs may have novel therapeutic applications for individuals at risk for developmental disorders of social behavior, including autism and schizophrenia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).From employees' point of view, changes in ethical leadership perceptions can signal important changes in the nature of the employment relationship. Guided by social exchange theory, this study proposes that changes in ethical leadership perceptions shape how employees appraise their exchange relationship with the organization and affect their pride in or contempt for the organization. Changes in these associative/dissociative emotions, in turn, precipitate changes in behaviors that serve or hurt the organization, notably voice and turnover. Experimental data collected from 900 subjects (Study 1) and field data collected from 470 employees across 4 waves over 14 months (Study 2) converged to show that changes in ethical leadership perceptions were related to same-direction changes in employees' pride in the organization and to opposite-direction changes in their contempt for the organization above and beyond the effect of the present ethical leadership level. Changes in pride were in turn related to same-direction changes in functional voice, whereas changes in contempt were related to same-direction changes in dysfunctional voice. The field study also provided evidence that when pride increased (decreased), employees were less (more) likely to leave the organization 6 months after. These results suggest that changes in ethical leadership perceptions are meaningful on their own, that they may alter employees' organization-targeted behaviors, and that changes in associative/dissociative emotions are the mediating mechanism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).From single-pole magnetic tweezers to robotic magnetic-field generation systems, the development of magnetic micromanipulation systems, using electromagnets or permanent magnets, has enabled a multitude of applications for cellular and intracellular measurement and stimulation. Controlled by different configurations of magnetic-field generation systems, magnetic particles have been actuated by an external magnetic field to exert forces/torques and perform mechanical measurements on the cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus, intracellular motors, etc. The particles have also been controlled to generate aggregations to trigger cell signaling pathways and produce heat to cause cancer cell apoptosis for hyperthermia treatment. Magnetic micromanipulation has become an important tool in the repertoire of toolsets for cell measurement and stimulation and will continue to be used widely for further explorations of cellular/intracellular structures and their functions. Existing review papers in the literature focus on fabrication and position control of magnetic particles/structures (often termed micronanorobots) and the synthesis and functionalization of magnetic particles.